Dove incoronato carlo magno biography

References [ edit ]. ISBN Raphael: His Life, Works, and Times. New York: A. Armstrong and Son. Raphael: his life, works and times. Raphael: His Life and Works. Categories : Raphael Rooms paintings Charlemagne 16th-century painting stubs. After Louis, the Frankish kingdom was divided and eventually coalesced into West and East Franciawhich later became France and Germanyrespectively.

Charlemagne's profound influence on the Middle Ages and influence on the territory he ruled has led him to be called the "Father of Europe" by many historians. He is seen as a founding figure by multiple European states and a number of historical royal houses of Europe trace their lineage back to him. Charlemagne has been the subject of artworks, monuments and literature during and after the medieval period and is venerated by the Catholic Church.

Several languages were spoken in Charlemagne's world, but he used Carolus or Karolus in Medieval Latinthe formal language of writing and diplomacy. The name Charlemagneas the emperor is normally known in English, comes from the French Charles-le-magne 'Charles the Great'. The contemporary Royal Frankish Annals routinely call him Carolus magnus rex "Charles the great king".

Charlemagne was named after his grandfather, Charles Martel. By the sixth century, the western Germanic tribe of the Franks had been Christianised ; this was due in considerable measure to the conversion of their king, Clovis Ito Catholicism. Pepin of Herstalmayor of the palace of Austrasiaended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his victory at the Battle of Tertry.

He had at least two sons; the elder, Drogotook his place. Charlemagne's year of birth is uncertain, although it was most likely in The ninth-century biographer Einhard reports Charlemagne as being 72 years old at the time of his death; the Royal Frankish Annals imprecisely gives his age at death as about 71, and his original epitaph called him a dove incoronato carlo magno biography. Historian Karl Ferdinand Werner challenged the acceptance of as the Frankish king's birth year, citing an addition to the Annales Petaviani which records Charlemagne's birth in The Frankish palaces in Vaires-sur-Marne and Quierzy are among the places suggested by scholars.

The patrius sermo "native tongue". They assumed that the text's copyist, Nithardbeing a grandson of Charlemagne, would have spoken the same dialect as his grandfather, giving rise to the assumption that Charlemagne would have spoken language closely related to the one used in the oath, which is a form of Old High German ancestral to the modern Rhenish Franconian dialects.

Charlemagne's father Pepin had been educated at the abbey of Saint-Denisalthough the extent of Charlemagne's formal education is unknown. He normally had doves incoronato carlo magno biography read aloud to him and dictated responses and decrees, but this was not unusual even for a literate ruler at the time. There are only occasional references to Charlemagne in the Frankish annals during his father's lifetime.

Charlemagne began issuing charters in his own name in The following year, he joined his father's campaign against Aquitaine. Carloman's refusal to participate in the war against Aquitaine led to a rift between the kings. Charlemagne had already had a relationship with the Frankish noblewoman Himiltrudeand they had a son in named Pepin.

Carloman died suddenly on 4 Decemberleaving Charlemagne sole king of the Franks. Charlemagne's first campaigning season as sole king of the Franks was spent on the eastern frontier in his first war against the Saxonswho had been engaging in border raids on the Frankish kingdom when Charlemagne responded by destroying the pagan Irminsul at Eresburg and seizing their gold and silver.

Charlemagne, in response to this appeal and the dynastic threat of Carloman's sons in the Lombard court, gathered his forces to intervene. Charlemagne's second son also named Charles was born inand Charlemagne brought the child and his wife to the camp at Pavia. Hildegard was pregnant, and gave birth to a daughter named Adelhaid. The baby was sent back to Francia, but died on the way.

Charlemagne left the siege in April to celebrate Easter in Rome. Peter's tomb as a symbol of his commitment, and left Rome to continue the siege. Disease struck the Lombards shortly after his return to Pavia, and they surrendered the city by June The Saxons took advantage of Charlemagne's absence in Italy to raid the Frankish borderlands, leading to a Frankish counter-raid in the autumn of and a reprisal campaign the following year.

Returning north, Charlemagne waged another brief, destructive campaign against the Saxons in Also at the Paderborn assembly were representatives of dissident factions from al-Andalus Muslim Spain. The Franks, defeated in the battle, withdrew with most of their army intact. Charlemagne returned to Francia to greet his newborn twin sons, Louis and Lothair, who were born while he was in Spain; [ ] Lothair died in infancy.

Charlemagne sent an army to Saxony in [ ] while he held assemblies, legislated, and addressed a famine in Francia. He and Hildegard travelled with their four younger children to Rome in the spring ofleaving Pepin and Charles at Wormsto make a journey first requested by Adrian in Pepin was appointed king of the Lombards, and Louis king of Aquitaine.

Hildegard gave birth to her eighth child, Giseladuring this trip to Italy. The child, named after her, died shortly thereafter. In summerWidukind returned from Denmark to attack the Frankish positions in Saxony. Charlemagne summoned the Saxon magnates to an assembly and compelled them to turn prisoners over to him, since he regarded their previous acts as treachery.

The annals record that Charlemagne had 4, Saxon prisoners beheaded in the massacre of Verden. Charlemagne's focus for the next several years would be on his attempt to complete the subjugation of the Saxons. Concentrating first in Westphalia inhe pushed into Thuringia in as his son Charles the Younger continued operations in the west.

At each stage of the campaigns, the Frankish armies seized wealth and carried Saxon captives into slavery. That summer, he met Widukind and persuaded him to end his resistance. Widukind agreed to be baptised with Charlemagne as his godfather, ending this phase of the Saxon Wars. Charlemagne travelled to Italy inarriving by Christmas.

Aiming to extend his influence further into southern Italy, he marched into the Duchy of Benevento. Charlemagne accepted his submission and hostages, who included Arechis's son Grimoald. Empress Irene had called the Second Council of Nicaeabut did not inform Charlemagne or invite any Frankish bishops. Charlemagne, probably in reaction to the perceived slight of the exclusion, broke the betrothal of his daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI.

After Charlemagne left Italy, Arechis sent envoys to Irene to offer an alliance; he suggested that she send a Byzantine army with Adalgis, the exiled son of Desiderus, to remove the Franks from power in Lombardy. As affairs were being settled in Italy, Charlemagne turned his attention to Bavaria. Bavaria was ruled by Duke TassiloCharlemagne's first cousin, who had been installed by Pepin the Short in Dividing the army, the Franks launched a three-pronged attack.

Quickly realizing his poor position, Tassilo agreed to surrender and recognise Charlemagne as his overlord. He was deposed and sent to a monastery, and Charlemagne absorbed Bavaria into his kingdom. Charlemagne gave Charles the Younger rule of Maine in Neustria inleaving Pepin the Hunchback his only son without lands. The plot was discovered and revealed to Charlemagne before it could proceed; Pepin was sent to a monastery, and many of his co-conspirators were executed.

The early s saw a marked focus on ecclesiastical affairs by Charlemagne. He summoned a council in Regensburg in to address the theological controversy over the adoptionism doctrine in the Spanish church and formulate a response to the Second Council of Nicea. Charlemagne gathered an army after the council of Frankfurt as Saxon resistance continued, beginning a series of annual campaigns which lasted through He built a large palace there, including a chapel which is now part of the Aachen Cathedral.

Charlemagne also worked to expand his influence through diplomatic means during the s wars, focusing on the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain. Charles the Younger proposed a marriage pact with the daughter of King Offa of Merciabut Offa insisted that Charlemagne's daughter Bertha also be given as a bride for his son. After Leo III became pope inhe faced political opposition.

His enemies accused him of a number of crimes and physically attacked him in Aprilattempting to remove his eyes and tongue. Leo swore an oath on 23 December, declaring his innocence of all charges. Historians differ about the intentions of the imperial coronation, the extent to which Charlemagne was aware of it or participated in its planning, and the significance of the events for those present and for Charlemagne's reign.

The Byzantines continued to hold a substantial portion of Italy, with their borders not far south of Rome. Empress Irene had seized the throne from her son Constantine VI indeposing and blinding him. This account presents Leo not as Charlemagne's superior, but as the agent of the Roman people who acclaimed Charlemagne as emperor. Historian Henry Mayr-Harting claims that the assumption of the imperial title by Charlemagne was an effort to incorporate the Saxons into the Frankish realm, since they did not have a native tradition of kingship.

Collins also writes that becoming emperor gave Charlemagne "the right to try to impose his rule over the whole of [Italy]", considering this a motivation for the coronation. Charlemagne's coronation led to a centuries-long ideological conflict between his successors and Constantinople known as the problem of two emperors[ f ] which could be seen as a rejection or usurpation of the Byzantine emperors' claim to be the universal, preeminent rulers of Christendom.

Charlemagne left Italy in the summer of after adjudicating several ecclesiastical disputes in Rome and experiencing an earthquake in Spoleto. The Franks continued to wage war, though these wars were defending and securing the empire's frontiers, [ ] [ ] and Charlemagne rarely led armies personally. The Capitulare missorum generale was an expansive piece of legislation, with provisions governing the conduct of royal officials and requiring that all free men take an oath of loyalty to Charlemagne.

In addition to the missiCharlemagne also ruled parts of the empire with his sons as sub-kings. The two younger sons were confirmed in their kingdoms and gained additional territories; most of Bavaria and Alemmannia was given to Pepin, and Provence, Septimania, and parts of Burgundy were given to Louis. After his coronation, Charlemagne sought recognition of his imperial title from Constantinople.

According to the contemporary Byzantine chronicler ThophanesCharlemagne made an offer of marriage to Irene which she was close to accepting. Charlemagne sent envoys to Constantinople in to make peace, giving up his claims to Veneto. Nikephoros died in battle before the envoys could leave Constantinople but his son-in-law and successor Michael I confirmed the peace, sending his own envoys to Aachen to recognise Charlemagne as emperor.

He sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid during the s, due to their mutual interest in Spanish affairs. Harun later provided an elephant named Abul-Abbaswhich arrived at Aachen in As part of his outreach, Harun gave Charlemagne nominal rule of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and other gifts.

Harun's death lead to a succession crisis and, under his successors, churches and synagogues were destroyed in the caliphate. The coins with their inscriptions were also an important tool of imperial propaganda. As emperor, Charlemagne became involved in a religious dispute between Eastern and Western Christians over the recitation of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creedthe fundamental statement of orthodox Christian belief.

The original text of the creed, adopted at the Council of Constantinopleprofessed that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father. A tradition developed in Western Europe that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father "and the Son ", inserting the Latin term filioque into the creed. Leo said that the Franks could maintain their tradition, but asserted that the canonical creed did not include filioque.

Peter's Basilica. Scandinavia had been brought into contact with the Frankish world through Charlemagne's wars with the Saxons. The northern frontier was quiet untilwhen Gudfred and some allied Slavic tribes led an incursion into the Obotrite lands and extracted tribute from over half the territory. The Carolingian dynasty experienced a number of losses in andwhen Charlemagne's sister Giselahis daughter Rotrude, and his sons Pepin the Hunchback, Pepin of Italy, and Charles the Younger died.

He declared Pepin of Italy's son Bernard ruler of Italy and made his own only surviving son, Louis, heir to the rest of the empire. Charlemagne became ill in the autumn of and spent his last months praying, fasting, and studying the gospels.

Dove incoronato carlo magno biography

The stability and peace of Charlemagne's reign did not long outlive him. Louis' reign was marked by strife, including a number of rebellions by his sons. According to historian Jennifer Davis, Charlemagne "invented medieval rulership" and his influence can be seen at least into the nineteenth century. Charlemagne was an ancestor of several European ruling houses, including the Capetian dynasty[ j ] the Ottonian dynasty[ k ] the House of Luxembourg[ l ] and the House of Ivrea.

The city of Aachen has, sinceawarded an international prize the Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen in honour of Charlemagne. It is awarded annually to those who promote European unity. Contacts with the wider Mediterranean world through Spain and Italy, the influx of foreign scholars at court, and the relative stability and length of Charlemagne's reign led to a cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.

Carolingian authors produced extensive works, including legal treatises, histories, poetry, and religious texts. Contreni considers the educational and learning revival under Charlemagne and his successors "one of the most durable and resilient elements of the Carolingian legacy". Charlemagne was a frequent subject of, and inspiration for, medieval writers after his death.

Einhard's Vita Karoli Magniaccording to Johannes Fired, "can be said to have revived the defunct literary genre of the secular biography. Charlemagne, as a figure of myth and emulation, grew over the centuries; Matthias Becher writes that over 1, legends are recorded about him, far outstripping subsequent emperors and kings. Works in this cycle, which originated during the Crusadescentre on characterisations of the emperor as a leader of Christian knights in wars against Muslims.

The cycle includes chansons de geste epic poems such as the Song of Roland and chronicles such as the Historia Caroli Magnialso known as the Pseudo- Turpin Chronicle. Attention to Charlemagne became more scholarly in the early modern period as Eindhard's Vita and other sources began to be published. Historiography after World War II focused on Charlemagne as "the father of Europe" rather than a nationalistic figure, [ ] a view first advanced during the nineteenth century by German romantic philosopher Friedrich Schlegel.

Charlemagne gave much attention to religious and ecclesiastical affairs, holding 23 synods during his reign. His synods were called to address specific issues at dove incoronato carlo magno biography times, but generally dealt with church administration and organisation, education of the clergy, and the proper forms of liturgy and worship.

Benedict in monasteries throughout the empire, and promoted a standardised liturgy adapted from the doves incoronato carlo magno biography of the Roman Church to conform with Frankish practices. The condition of all his subjects as a "Christian people" was an important concern. Thomas F. Noble writes that the efforts of Charlemagne and his successors to standardise Christian doctrine and practices and harmonise Frankish practices were essential steps in the development of Christianity in Europe, and the Roman Catholic or Latin Church "as a historical phenomenon, not as a theological or ecclesiological one, is a Carolingian construction.

Charlemagne also drew attention from figures of the Protestant Reformationwith Martin Luther criticising his apparent subjugation to the papacy by accepting his coronation from Leo. Wives and their children [ ] [ ]. Concubines and their children [ ] [ ]. Charlemagne had at least twenty children with his wives and other partners. His children were taught in accordance with their aristocratic status, which included training in riding and weaponry for his sons, and embroidery, spinning and weaving for his daughters.

Rosamond McKitterick writes that Charlemagne exercised "a remarkable degree of patriarchal control Louis and Pepin of Italy married and had children during their father's lifetime, and Charlemagne brought Pepin's daughters into his household after Pepin's death. Bertha had two sons, Nithard and Hartnid, with Charlemagne's courtier Angilbert ; Rotrude had a son named Louispossibly with Count Rorgon ; and Hiltrude had a son named Richbod, possibly with a count named Richwin.

Theodrada entered a convent, but the decisions of his other daughters are unknown. Einhard gives a first-hand description of Charlemagne's appearance later in life: [ ]. He was heavily built, sturdy, and of considerable stature, although not exceptionally so, since his height was seven times the length of his own foot. He had a round head, large and lively eyes, a slightly larger nose than usual, white but still attractive hair, a bright and cheerful expression, a short and fat neck, and he enjoyed good health, except for the fevers that affected him in the last few years of his life.

Charlemagne's tomb was opened in by scientists who reconstructed his skeleton and measured it at 1. The width of the bone suggested that he was slim. Charlemagne wore his hair short, abandoning the Merovingian tradition of long-haired monarchs. By the twelfth century, Charlemagne was described as bearded rather than moustachioed in literary sources such as the Song of Rolandthe Pseudo-Turpin Chronicleand other works in Latin, French, and German.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item. This is the latest accepted revisionreviewed on 27 January King of the Franks, first Holy Roman Emperor. For other uses, see Charlemagne disambiguation.

A denarius of Charlemagne dated c. Aachen Cathedral. In addition to learning, Charlemagne was interested in athletic pursuits. Known to be highly energetic, he enjoyed hunting, horseback riding and swimming. Aachen held particular appeal for him due to its therapeutic warm springs. His cloak was fastened by a golden buckle, and he appeared crowned with a diadem of gold and gems.

Einhard wrote that Charlemagne was in good health until the final four years of his life, when he often suffered from fevers and acquired a limp. InCharlemagne crowned his son Louis the Pious, king of Aquitaine, as co-emperor. Louis became sole emperor when Charlemagne died in January at the age of 72, ending his reign of more than four decades.

At the time of his death, his empire encompassed much of Western Europe. Charlemagne was buried at the cathedral in Aachen. In the ensuing decades, his empire was divided up among his heirs, and by the late s, it had dissolved. Nevertheless, Charlemagne became a legendary figure endowed with mythical qualities. Inunder Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, Charlemagne was canonized for political reasons; however, the Catholic Church today does not recognize his sainthood.

Most of his skeleton, however, is believed to have stayed at his cathedral in Aachen. The top of the skull remains visible in an ornate golden bust securely housed in the cathedral. Armory experts debate whether the sword — a inch weapon with a gold hilt — is actually the sword of Charlemagne, or a later creation that was used primarily for ceremonies.

Currently on display at the Louvre Museum in Paris, the sword had been used for the coronations of French kings since Philip the Bold was crowned in