James monroe biography video theodore roosevelt

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Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Chester A. Virginia Historical Society. ProQuest Matuz, Roger Complete American Presidents Sourcebook. LCCN OL M. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Oxford University Press : — PMID McSeveney, Samuel T. Civil War History. Kent State University Press : — S2CID Nardulli, Peter F. University of Illinois Press.

Neale, Thomas H. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved November 14, Peabody, Bruce G. Minnesota Law Review. Rossiter, Clinton Pakistan Horizon. Pakistan Institute of International Affairs : 85— Schaller, Thomas F. Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies : — Shugart, Matthew S. Skau, George H. Roosevelt and the Expansion of Presidential Power".

Current History. University of California Press : — Presidential biographies Ambrose, Stephen E. American National Biography. Oxford University Press. Ambrosius, Lloyd E. Ammon, Harry []. Anbinder, Tyler []. Banning, Lance []. Brinkley, Alan []. Campbell, Ballard C. Cole, Donald B. Gara, Larry []. Gardner, Lloyd []. Gienapp, William E.

Gould, Lewis L. Greenberger, Scott S. Da Capo Press. Greene, John Robert Gutzman, K. Constantine []. Hamby, Alonzo L. Harbaugh, William H. Hargreaves, Mary W. Hawley, Ellis W. Hoff, Joan []. Hoogenboom, Ari []. McCoy, Donald R. McDonald, Forrest []. McPherson, James M. Parmet, Herbert S. Pencak, William []. Peskin, Allan []. Peterson, Merrill D.

Rawley, James A. Reeves, Thomas C. Remini, Robert V. Schaller, Michael Shade, William G. Smith, Elbert B. Spetter, Allan Burton []. Trefousse, Hans L. Online sources Jamison, Dennis December 31, He served as Secretary of State through most of the War ofand as acting Secretary of War during a large portion of it, holding the posts simultaneously.

The war did not go well for the Americans at first, but by latenaval victories on the Great Lakes and the successful defense of Baltimore boosted American morale, as well as the bargaining position of peace negotiators. Wellington reviewed the strategic situation and declined the command, informing the British Prime Minister that he would do well to negotiate a peace along the lines of status quo ante bellumwith no territorial losses or gains for either side.

Wellington believed the war unwinnable for the British. Monroe recommended to Madison that the Americans accept the treaty, the Senate concurred, and the war of ended. Both jameses monroe biography video theodore roosevelt claimed victory, though neither side accomplished their war aims. The collapse of the Federalist Party, which nominated Rufus King, meant that Monroe was virtually unopposed.

He won in a landslide. When James Monroe became President in March,the White House was still in the process of being rebuilt, after being burned by the British in The Monroes occupied a rented home on I Street until moving into the Executive Mansion, as it was then known, in When they did occupy the house, they brought with them a decidedly old-fashioned appearance.

Men wearing their hair tied back in a queue had long gone out of style, except for footmen and servants. Monroe preferred that style, and continued to display it throughout his Presidency. Likewise, knee breeches and stockings had surrendered to pantaloons and boots many years earlier, but James Monroe continued to favor the former long after they had gone out of style.

The President appeared at levees and other official functions clad in the style he had worn forty years earlier, seemingly oblivious to the changes in garb and hair stles he was surrounded by. His first administration dealt with problems along the southern border, which was then the northern border of the East and West Floridas, Spanish colonies.

Spain had been devastated by the Napoleonic Wars and was no longer capable of defending its territories from either the Seminoles within, or raiding pirates from outside the borders. Monroe followed the reasoning used by Jefferson in the purchase of Louisiana, which was, simply put, if the Constitution and subsequent law did not specifically bar the office of the President from doing something in the national interest, he could do it.

Congress acquiesced. Inthe territory of Missouri applied for statehood. Missouri was a slave state, and non-slave states opposed its admission as altering the balance between slave states and free. Monroe endorsed the act, which was largely the work of Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky. The Missouri Compromise ofas it was called, dominated the issue of slavery in the United States for most of the Antebellum Period.

During the Monroe Administration Great Britain and the United States enacted treaties which demilitarized the border between the United States and Canada, creating what remains the longest demilitarized border between two nations in the world. Eventually, the existing Russian settlements in present-day California were abandoned by St Petersburg.

During his second term as President, Monroe faced a crisis in South and Central America, as the Spanish colonies one-by-one declared their independence and fought for freedom from Spain. Concern that other European nations would attempt to take advantage of the situation and seize control of the former Spanish Empire led Monroe to issue his policy of the end of colonization in the Americas by European powers, known to posterity as the Monroe Doctrine.

Monroe announced the policy as part of his State of the Union message in Monroe lobbied Congress hard for action on internal improvements, though he stipulated that the Federal government could raise money for internal infrastructure, but it could not build or operate it, under the Constitution. Congress heard his requests for funding for roads, canals, bridges, harbor improvements, and other infrastructure in his annual State of the Union messages and largely ignored them.

James Monroe left office and returned to his Virginia plantation in He remained active in Virginia politics for a time after leaving the Presidency, including serving at the state Constitutional Convention in Inhis wife Elizabeth died, and a grieving Monroe relocated to New York City, where he lived in the home of his daughter Maria.

He died there inappropriately for a Founder and veteran of the Revolution, on the 4 th of July. Like each of the members of the Virginia dynasty who preceded him, all of whom served two terms, he left office considerably less well off financially than he had entered it. Also in common with the rest of the Virginia Dynasty was his ownership of slaves.

His White House included enslaved people as servants; housekeepers, cooks, waiters, doormen, valets, and so on. Monroe also opposed the Electoral Collegewhich he viewed as too corruptible and susceptible to state interests, and favored direct election of the president. In the election to the 1st United States Congressanti-federalist Henry Monroe persuaded Monroe to run against Madison, and he had the Virginia legislature draw a congressional district designed to elect Monroe.

During the campaign, Madison and Monroe often traveled together, and the election did nothing to diminish their friendship. In the election for Virginia's Fifth DistrictMadison prevailed over Monroe, taking 1, votes compared to Monroe's votes. After this defeat, Monroe moved his family from Fredericksburg to Albemarle Countyfirst to Charlottesville and later to the immediate neighborhood of Monticellowhere he bought an estate and named it Highland.

Monroe therefore requested in February that Senate sessions be held in public, but this was initially rejected and not implemented until February During the presidency of George WashingtonU. Monroe stood firmly with Jefferson in opposing Hamilton's strong central government and strong executive. The Democratic-Republican Party coalesced around Jefferson and Madison, and Monroe became one of the fledgling party's leaders in the Senate.

He also helped organize opposition to John Adams in the election, though Adams defeated George Clinton to win re-election as vice president. Hamilton never forgave Monroe for this public humiliation, which almost led to a duel between the two. These sharply worded replies were largely penned by Monroe. As leader of the Republicans in the Senate, Monroe soon became involved in matters of foreign relations.

Inhe emerged as an opponent of Hamilton's appointment as ambassador to the United Kingdom and a supporter of the First French Republic. Since he had taken sides with the French Revolution in several essays under the pseudonym Aratus. As the s progressed, the French Revolutionary Wars came to dominate U. Like most other Jeffersonians, Monroe supported the French Revolutionbut Hamilton's followers tended to sympathize more with Britain.

Inhoping to find a way to avoid war with both countries, Washington appointed Monroe as his minister ambassador to Franceafter Madison and Robert R. Livingston had declined the offer. In addition, the conflict between Paris and London in America intensified the confrontation between the Anglophile Federalists and the Francophile Republicans.

While the Federalists were basically only aiming for independence from Great Britain, the Republicans wanted a revolutionary new form of government, which is why they strongly sympathized with the First French Republic. After arriving in France, Monroe addressed the National Conventionreceiving a standing ovation for his speech celebrating republicanism.

Monroe's passionate and friendly message of greeting at the inaugural ceremony before the National Convention was later criticized by Jay for its sentimentality, and Washington viewed the speech as "not well devised" in terms of venue and in light of American neutrality in the First Coalition War. In FebruaryMonroe used his influence to secure the release of all American citizens imprisoned since the French Revolution and Adrienne de La Fayettethe wife of the Marquis de Lafayette.

He had already secured the release of Thomas Paine in July and took him in, but when Paine worked on a diatribe against Washington despite Monroe's objections, they parted ways in the spring of Months after Monroe arrived in France, the U. The treaty granted the U. Immediately after Timothy Pickering succeeded Secretary of State Edmund Randolphwho had been the only Francophile member of Washington's cabinet, in Decemberhe worked to dismiss Monroe.

InMonroe sent a dispatch summarizing his response to French complaints of the Jay Treaty, but it was incomplete and did not include the French note or Monroe's written response. Pickering saw this as a sign of Monroe's unsuitability and, together with Hamilton, persuaded Washington to replace Monroe as ambassador. He recalled Monroe in Novemberthe letter of dismissal being deliberately delayed in order to prevent his return before the presidential election.

He followed the advice of his friend Robert Livingston who cautioned him to "repress every harsh and acrimonious" comment about Washington. However, he did complain that too often the U. Monroe was cajoled, flattered, and made to believe strange things. In return he did, or was disposed to do, whatever was pleasing to that nation, reluctantly urging the rights of his own.

On a party-line vote, the Virginia legislature elected Monroe as Governor of Virginia in He would serve as governor until Monroe also began to give State of the Commonwealth addresses to the legislature, in which he highlighted areas in which he believed the legislature should act. Monroe also led an effort to create the state's first penitentiaryand imprisonment replaced other, often harsher, punishments.

InMonroe called out the state militia to suppress Gabriel's Rebelliona slave rebellion originating on a plantation six miles from the capital of Richmond. Gabriel and 27 other enslaved people who participated were all hanged for treason. Monroe thought that foreign and Federalist elements had created the Quasi War of —, and he strongly supported Thomas Jefferson 's candidacy for president in Federalists were likewise suspicious of Monroe, some viewing him at best as a French dupe and at worst a traitor.

As a member of Jefferson's party and the leader of the largest state in the country, Monroe emerged as one of Jefferson's two most likely successors, alongside Madison. The American delegation originally sought to acquire West Florida and the city of New Orleanswhich controlled the trade of the Mississippi River. Determined to acquire New Orleans even if it meant war with France, Jefferson also authorized Monroe to form an alliance with the British if the French refused to sell the city.

Though he had not ordered the purchase of the entire territory, Jefferson strongly supported Monroe's actions, which ensured that the United States would continue to expand to the West. Overcoming doubts about whether the Constitution authorized the purchase of foreign territory, Jefferson won congressional approval for the Louisiana Purchase, and the acquisition doubled the size of the United States.

Monroe would travel to Spain in to try to win the cession of West Florida, but found that the American ambassador to Spain, Charles Pinckneyhad alienated the Spanish government with crude threats of violence. In the negotiations on the outstanding territorial issues concerning New Orleans, West Florida and the Rio Grande, Monroe made no progress and was treated condescendingly, and with the support of France, Spain refused to consider relinquishing the territory.

After the resignation of Rufus KingMonroe was appointed as the ambassador to Great Britain in The greatest issue of contention between the United States and Britain was that of the impressment of U. Many U. Many of the sailors they impressed had never been British subjects, and Monroe was tasked with persuading the British to stop their practice of impressment.

James monroe biography video theodore roosevelt

Monroe found little success in this james monroe biography video theodore roosevelt, partly due to Jefferson's alienation of the British minister to the United States, Anthony Merry. Rejecting Jefferson's offer to serve as the first governor of Louisiana TerritoryMonroe continued to serve as ambassador to Britain until It would have extended the Jay Treaty of which had expired after ten years.

Jefferson had fought the Jay Treaty intensely in —95 because he felt it would allow the British to subvert American republicanism. The treaty had produced ten years of peace and highly lucrative trade for American merchants, but Jefferson was still opposed. When Monroe and the British signed the new treaty in DecemberJefferson refused to submit it to the Senate for ratification.

Although the treaty called for ten more years of trade between the United States and the British Empire and gave American merchants guarantees that would have been good for business, Jefferson was unhappy that it did not end the hated British practice of impressment and refused to give up the potential weapon of commercial warfare against Britain.

The president made no attempt to obtain another treaty, and as a result, the two nations drifted from peace toward the War of On his return to Virginia inMonroe received a warm reception, and many urged him to run in the presidential election. The plan was to run Monroe for president in the election in cooperation with the Federalist Partywhich had a strong base in New England.

Monroe decided to run against Madison in the presidential election in order to demonstrate the strength of his political position in Virginia. The regular Democratic-Republicans overcame the Quids in the nominating caucus, kept control of the party in Virginia, and protected Madison's base. Monroe won 3, votes in Virginia, but received little support elsewhere.

Monroe, who had fallen out of favor with the majority of Republicans because of his candidacy, withdrew into private life for the next few years. The plan to sell his second house in Loudon County, Oak Hillin order to renovate and expand Highland with the proceeds, failed due to the low real estate prices. InMonroe returned to the Virginia House of Delegates and was elected to another term as governor inbut served only four months, as less than two months into his term, Monroe was asked on Madison's behalf if he would be willing to succeed Robert Smith as Secretary of State.

Madison assured Monroe that their differences regarding the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty had been a misunderstanding, and the two resumed their friendship. On taking office, Monroe hoped to negotiate treaties with the British and French to end the attacks on American merchant ships. While the French agreed to reduce the attacks and release seized American ships, the British were less receptive to Monroe's demands.

With the support of Monroe and Clay, Madison asked Congress to declare war upon the British, and Congress complied on June 18,thus beginning the War of The war went very badly, and the Madison administration quickly sought peace, but were rejected by the British. Navy did experience several successes after Monroe convinced Madison to allow the Navy's ships to set sail rather than remaining in port for the duration of the war.

Since there was no functioning reconnaissance, Monroe formed his own small cavalry unit and began scouting the bay until the British withdrew from it. Monroe allowed Adams leeway in setting terms, so long as he ended the hostilities and preserved American neutrality. When a British fleet of 50 warships and 5, soldiers massed in the mouth of the Potomac, Monroe scouted the Chesapeake Bay with a troop and on August 21 sent the President a warning of the impending invasion so that Madison and his wife could flee in time and the state's assets and inhabitants could be evacuated.

He also called on Congress to draft an army ofmen, increase compensation to soldiers, and establish a new national bank, the Second Bank of the United Statesto ensure adequate funding for the war effort. The treaty resulted in a return to the status quo ante bellumand many outstanding issues between the United States and Britain remained. Americans celebrated the end of the war as a great victory, partly due to the news of the treaty reaching the United States shortly after Jackson's victory in the Battle of New Orleans.

With the end of the Napoleonic Wars inthe British also ended the practice of impressment. Monroe decided to seek the presidency in the election, and his war-time leadership had established him as Madison's heir apparent. Monroe had strong support from many in the party, but his candidacy was challenged at the Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus.

Since there was no longer a serious opposition party due to the decline of the Federalists, who were perceived as disloyal because of their pro-British stance and opposition to the War ofthe Democratic-Republican caucus in Congress was crucial to Monroe's victory. Tompkins was backed by several Congressmen from New York. Crawford appealed especially to many Democratic-Republicans who were wary of Madison and Monroe's support for the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States.

Tompkins won the party's vice presidential nomination. The moribund Federalists nominated Rufus King as their presidential nominee, but the party offered little opposition following the conclusion of a popular war that they had opposed. Monroe received of the electoral voteswinning every state but Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Delaware. Since he previously served as an officer of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and as a delegate to the Continental Congresshe became the last president who was a Founding Father.

Born inhe was also the last president who belonged to the Republican generation. Monroe's inauguration took place on March 4, As Monroe was the first president to take office during a period of peace and economic stability, the term " Era of Good Feelings " was soon coined. This period was characterized by the unchallenged dominance of the Republicans, who by the end of Madison's term had adopted some Federalist policies, such as the establishment of a central bank and protective tariffs.

He made two long national tours to build national trust, which included ceremonies of welcome and expressions of good-will. Recognizing Northern discontent at the continuation of the Virginia dynasty, Monroe chose John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts as Secretary of State, making Adams the early favorite to eventually succeed Monroe. An experienced diplomat, Adams had abandoned the Federalist Party in in support of Thomas Jefferson's foreign policy, and Monroe hoped that the appointment would encourage the defection of more Federalists.

Calhounleaving the Cabinet without a prominent Westerner. According to historian William Earl Weeks, "Monroe evolved a comprehensive strategy aimed at expanding the Union externally james monroe biography video theodore roosevelt solidifying it internally". He expanded trade and pacified relations with Great Britain while expanding the United States at the expense of the Spanish Empire, from which he obtained Florida and the recognition of a border across the continent.

Faced with the breakdown of the expansionist consensus over the question of slavery, the president tried to provide both North and South with guarantees that future expansion would not tip the balance of power between slave and free states, a system that, Weeks remarks, did indeed allow the continuation of American expansion for the best of four decades.

Upon taking office, Monroe pursued warmer relations with Britain in the aftermath of the War of The accords also established a joint U. In Octoberthe United States cabinet held several lengthy meetings to address the declarations of independence by former Spanish colonies in South America and the increasing piracy, particularly from Amelia Island.

Piracy on the southern border with the Floridas was intensified by smugglers, slave traders, and privateers who had fled from the Spanish colonies over which the mother country had lost control. However, bySpain's troubling colonial situation made the cession of Florida make sense. Spain had been exhausted by the Peninsular War in Europe and needed to rebuild its credibility and presence in its colonies.

Revolutionaries in Central America and South America were beginning to demand independence. Spain was unwilling to invest further in Florida, encroached on by American settlers, and it worried about the border between New Spain and the United States. With only a minor military presence in Florida, Spain was not able to restrain the Seminole warriors who routinely crossed the border and raided American villages and farms, as well as protected southern slave refugees from slave owners and traders of the southern United States.

In response to Seminole attacks and their provision of aid to escaped slaves, Monroe ordered a military expedition to cross into Spanish Florida and attack the Seminoles. In this expedition, led by Andrew Jacksonthe US Army displaced numerous Seminole people from their houses along with burning their towns. Jackson also seized the Spanish territorial capital of Pensacola.

With the capture of Pensacola, Jackson established de facto American control of the entire territory. While Monroe supported Jackson's actions, many in Congress harshly criticized what they saw as an undeclared war. With the support of Secretary of State Adams, Monroe defended Jackson against domestic and international criticism, and the United States began negotiations with Spain.

He also emphasized that although Jackson had exceeded his orders, he had come to a new assessment of the situation on the basis of previously unknown information at the scene of the war. Spain faced revolt in all of its American colonies and could neither govern nor defend Florida. The treaty also contained a definition of the boundary between Spanish and American possessions on the North American continent.

Beginning at the mouth of the Sabine River the line ran along that river to the 32nd parallelthen due north to the Red Riverwhich it followed to the th meridiandue north to the Arkansas Riverand along that river to its sourcethen north to the 42nd parallelwhich it followed to the Pacific Ocean. InSouth America's wars of independence began, inspired by the American and French Revolutionary Wars, but the Madison administration, as well as Monroe himself during his first term in office, treated the conflicts as civil wars and kept the United States neutral.

He did not envisage military involvement in Latin American affairs, but only the provision of moral support, as he believed that a direct American intervention would provoke other European powers into assisting Spain. Following their respective declarations of independence, the South American republics quickly sent emissaries to Washington to ask for diplomatic recognition and economic and trade relations.

They declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a most-favored-nation basis. The United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity".

In JanuaryAdams first expressed the idea that the American double continent should be closed to further colonization by foreign powers. Adams emphasized that the further colonization of America, except for Canada, should be in the hands of the Americans themselves. This later became a principle in Monroe's administration. For their part, the British also had a strong interest in ensuring the demise of Spanish colonialism, with all the trade restrictions mercantilism imposed.

In OctoberRichard Rush, the American minister in London, corresponded with Canning to work out a common position on a potential French intervention in South America. When Monroe was presented with this correspondence, which had yielded no tangible results, in mid-Octoberhis first reaction was to accept the British offer. He also argued that the British were not committed to recognizing the Latin American republics and must have had imperial motivations themselves.

Two months later, the bilateral statement proposed by the British became a unilateral declaration by the United States. While Monroe thought that Spain was unlikely to re-establish its colonial empire on its own, he feared that France or the Holy Alliance might seek to establish control over the former Spanish possessions. He first reiterated the traditional U.

He then declared that the United States would not accept the recolonization of any country by its former European master, though he also avowed non-interference with existing European colonies in the Americas. In the period between andMississippi, [ ] Illinois, [ ] and Alabama [ ] were recognized as new states. This rapid expansion resulted in a growing economic divide between the regions and a change of power in Congress to the detriment of the southern states, which viewed their plantation economy, which was dependent on slavery, as increasingly threatened.

During these proceedings, Congressman James Tallmadge, Jr. After three days of rancorous and sometimes bitter debate, the bill, with Tallmadge's amendments, passed. The measure then went to the Senate, which rejected both amendments. During the following session, the House passed a similar bill with an amendment, introduced on January 26,by John W.

Taylor of New Yorkallowing Missouri into the union as a slave state. Initially, Monroe opposed any compromise that involved restrictions on slavery's expansion in federal territories. The question had been complicated by the admission in December of Alabamaa slave state, making the number of slave and free states equal. In addition, there was a bill in passage through the House January 3, to admit Maine as a free state.

In this plan, endorsed by Monroe, Maine statehood would be held hostage to slavery in Missouri. In February the Senate passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment enabling the people of Missouri to form a state constitution. Before the bill was returned to the House, a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jesse B. The House then approved the bill as amended by the Senate.

The legislation passed, and became known as "the Missouri Compromise ", which temporarily settled the issue of slavery in the territories. He viewed the issue of admission conditions more from a political perspective and did not convene a cabinet meeting on this matter. As the United States continued to grow, many Americans advocated a system of internal improvements to help the country develop.

Federal assistance for such projects evolved slowly and haphazardly—the product of contentious congressional factions and an executive branch generally concerned with avoiding unconstitutional federal intrusions into state affairs. Adhering to stated position regarding internal improvements, Monroe vetoed the bill. Congress might appropriate money, he admitted, but it might not undertake the actual construction of national works nor assume jurisdiction over them.