Printul fericit de oscar wilde wikipedia biography

In timpul scolii, Oscar a excelat in studiul clasicilor, la limba greaca si la desen, castigand numeroase premii si burse de studiu. Dupa absolvire, inse muta la Londra. In acelasi an,primeste premiul 'Newdigate' pentru poezie si initiaza miscarea 'Arta pentru Arta', prin care dezvolta teoria sa asupra estetismului. In publica prima sa culegere de versuri.

Urmatorii sase ani reprezinta apogeul de creatie al irlandezului. Povestile pentru copii, piesele de teatru si mai ales 'Portretul lui Dorian Gray' ii aduc lui Oscar Wilde, pe langa niste citatii in tribunale, si mult dorita faima. Declinul sau incepe in vara luian in care este condamnat prima data la inchisoare. Ostil filozofiei si conventiilor morale ale epocii victoriene, Oscar Wilde duce o viata de ostentatie cinica si de scandal, ceea ce ii atrage in o condamnare penala de doi ani inchisoare pentru ultragiu la moralitatea publica.

Ultima parte a condamnarii o ispaseste in inchisoarea din Reading si va face obiectul unei celebre balade. Eliberat inse stabileste in Franta, unde-si sfarseste viata in uitare si singuratate. Isi gaseste sfarsitul la Paris pe 30 noiembriedupa o meningita. Prietenia dintre cei doi era foarte puternica si nimic nu-i putea desparti. Printul ii ceru randunicii intr-o zi sa ii ajute pe oamenii sarmani, cu ceea ce mai putea el sa le ofere: ochii care erau doua rubine si aurul cu care era poleit printul.

Randunica facu fericiti multi oameni cu aceste bogatii. Wilde worked hard to solicit good contributions from his wide artistic acquaintance, including those of Lady Wilde and his wife, Constance, while his own "Literary and Other Notes" were themselves popular and amusing. The initial vigour and excitement which he brought to the job began to fade as administration, commuting and office life became tedious.

Whilst Wilde the journalist supplied articles under the guidance of his editors, Wilde the editor was forced to learn to manipulate the literary marketplace on his own terms. During the s, Wilde was a close friend of the artist James McNeill Whistler and they dined together on many occasions. At one of these dinners, Whistler produced a bon mot that Wilde found particularly witty, Wilde exclaimed that he wished that he had said it.

Whistler retorted "You will, Oscar, you will. The article alleged that Wilde had a habit of passing off other people's witticisms as his own — especially Whistler's. Wilde considered Vivian's article to be a scurrilous betrayal, and it directly caused the broken friendship between Wilde and Whistler. London theatre director Luther Munday recounted some of Wilde's typical quips: Wilde said of Whistler that "he had no enemies but was intensely disliked by his friends", of Hall Caine that "he wrote at the top of his voice", of Rudyard Kipling that "he revealed life by splendid flashes of vulgarity", of Henry James that "he wrote fiction as if it were a painful duty", and of Marion Crawford that "he immolated himself on the altar of local colour".

Wilde had been regularly writing fairy stories for magazines. The only evidence for this is two supposed puns within the sonnets themselves. The anonymous narrator is at first sceptical, then believing, and finally flirtatious with the reader: he concludes that "there is really a great printul fericit de oscar wilde wikipedia biography to be said of the Willie Hughes theory of Shakespeare's sonnets.

Though containing nothing but "special pleading" — it would not, he says "be possible to build an airier castle in Spain than this of the imaginary William Hughes" — we continue listening nonetheless to be charmed by the telling. Wilde, having tired of journalism, had been busy setting out his aesthetic ideas more fully in a series of longer prose pieces which were published in the major literary-intellectual journals of the day.

Having always excelled as a wit and raconteur, he often composed by assembling phrases, bons mots and witticisms into a longer, cohesive work. Wilde was concerned about the effect of moralising on art; he believed in art's redemptive, developmental powers: "Art is individualism, and individualism is a disturbing and disintegrating force.

There lies its immense value. For what it seeks is to disturb monotony of type, slavery of custom, tyranny of habit, and the reduction of man to the level of a machine. He wrote "Socialism, Communism, or whatever one chooses to call it, by converting private property into public wealth, and substituting co-operation for competition, will restore society to its proper condition of a thoroughly healthy organism, and insure the material well-being of each member of the community.

It will, in fact, give Life its proper basis and its proper environment". At the same time, he stressed that the government most amenable to artists was no government at all. Wilde envisioned a society where mechanisation has freed human effort from the burden of necessity, effort which can instead be expended on artistic creation. George Orwell summarised, "In effect, the world will be populated by artists, each striving after perfection in the way that seems best to him.

This point of view did not align him with the Fabiansintellectual socialists who advocated using state apparatus to change social conditions, nor did it endear him to the monied classes whom he had previously entertained. Man is least himself when he talks in his own person. Give him a mask, and he will tell you the truth. Wilde considered including this pamphlet and " The Portrait of Mr.

The first version of The Picture of Dorian Gray was published as the lead story in the July edition of Lippincott's Monthly Magazinealong with five others. When Gray, who has a "face like ivory and rose leaves", sees his finished portrait, he breaks down. Distraught that his beauty will fade while the portrait stays beautiful, he inadvertently makes a Faustian bargain in which only the painted image grows old while he stays beautiful and young.

For Wilde, the purpose of art would be to guide life as if beauty alone were its object. As Gray's portrait allows him to escape the corporeal ravages of his hedonism, Wilde sought to juxtapose the beauty he saw in art with daily life. Reviewers immediately criticised the novel's decadence and homosexual allusions; the Daily Chronicle for example, called it "unclean", "poisonous", and "heavy with the mephitic odours of moral and spiritual putrefaction".

That is all. Contemporary reviewers and modern critics have postulated numerous possible sources of the story, a search Jershua McCormack argues is futile because Wilde "has tapped a root of Western folklore so deep and ubiquitous that the story has escaped its origins and returned to the oral tradition". The census records the Wildes' residence at 16 Tite Street[ ] where Oscar lived with his wife Constance and two sons.

Not content with being better known than ever in London, though, he returned to Paris in Octoberthis time as a respected writer. He had continued his interest in the theatre and now, after finding his voice in prose, his thoughts turned again to the dramatic form as the biblical iconography of Salome filled his mind. A tragedy, it tells the story of Salome, the stepdaughter of the tetrarch Herod Antipaswho, to her stepfather's dismay but mother 's delight, requests the head of Jokanaan John the Baptist on a silver platter as a reward for dancing the Dance of the Seven Veils.

When Wilde returned to London just before Christmas the Paris Echo referred to him as "le great event" of the season. Wilde, who had first set out to irritate Victorian society with his dress and talking points, then to outrage it with Dorian Grayhis novel of vice hidden beneath art, finally found a way to critique society on its own terms.

Lady Windermere's Fan was first performed on 20 February at St James's Theatre, packed with the cream of society. On the surface a witty comedy, there is subtle subversion underneath: "it concludes with collusive concealment rather than collective disclosure". The play was enormously popular, touring the country for months, but largely trashed by conservative critics.

His first hit play was followed by A Woman of No Importance inanother Victorian comedy, revolving around the spectre of illegitimate births, mistaken identities and late revelations. Peter Raby said these essentially English plays were well-pitched: "Wilde, with one eye on the dramatic genius of Ibsen, and the other on the commercial competition in London's West Endtargeted his audience with adroit precision".

An intimate friendship sprang up between Wilde and Douglas and by Wilde was infatuated with Douglas and they consorted together regularly in a tempestuous affair. If Wilde was relatively indiscreet, even flamboyant, in the way he acted, Douglas was reckless in public. Douglas soon initiated Wilde into the Victorian underground of gay prostitution, and Wilde was introduced to a series of young working-class male prostitutes rent boys from onwards by Alfred Taylor.

These infrequent rendezvous usually took the same form: Wilde would meet the boy, offer him gifts, dine him privately and then take him to a hotel room. Unlike Wilde's idealised relations with Ross, John Grayand Douglas, all of whom remained part of his aesthetic circle, these consorts were uneducated and knew nothing of literature. Soon his public and private lives had become sharply divided; in De Profundis he wrote to Douglas that "It was like feasting with panthers; the danger was half the excitement I did not know that when they were to strike at me it was to be at another's piping and at another's pay.

Douglas and some Oxford friends founded a journal, The Chameleonto which Wilde "sent a page of paradoxes originally destined for the Saturday Review ". Lord Alfred's father, the Marquess of Queensberrywas known for his outspoken atheism, brutish manner and creation of the modern rules of boxing. In Junehe called on Wilde at 16 Tite Street, without an appointment, and clarified his stance: "I do not say that you are it, but you look it, and pose at it, which is just as bad.

And if I catch you and my son again in any public restaurant I will thrash you" to which Wilde responded: "I don't know what the Queensberry rules are, but the Oscar Wilde rule is to shoot on sight". He did not wish to bear Queensberry's insults, but he knew that confronting him could lead to disaster were his liaisons disclosed publicly. Wilde's final play again returns to the theme of switched identities: the play's two protagonists engage in "bunburying" the maintenance of alternative personas in the town and country which allows them to escape Victorian social mores.

Mostly set in drawing rooms and almost completely lacking in action or violence, Earnest lacks the self-conscious decadence found in The Picture of Dorian Gray and Salome. The play, now considered Wilde's masterpiecewas rapidly written in Wilde's artistic maturity in late Both author and producer assiduously revised, prepared and rehearsed every line, scene and setting in the months before the premiere, creating a carefully constructed representation of late-Victorian society, yet simultaneously mocking it.

Premieres at St James's seemed like "brilliant parties", and the opening of The Importance of Being Earnest was no exception. Allan Aynesworth who played Algernon recalled to Hesketh Pearson"In my fifty-three printul fericit de oscars wilde wikipedia biography of acting, I never remember a greater triumph than [that] first night. Wells wrote, "More humorous dealing with theatrical conventions it would be difficult to imagine.

Mr Oscar Wilde has decorated a humour that is Gilbertian with innumerable spangles of that wit that is all his own". Wilde's professional success was mirrored by an escalation in his feud with Queensberry. Queensberry had planned to insult Wilde publicly by throwing a bouquet of rotting vegetables onto the stage; Wilde was tipped off and had Queensberry barred from entering the theatre.

On 18 Februarythe Marquess of Queensberry left his calling card at Wilde's club, the Albemarleinscribed: "For Oscar Wilde, posing somdomite [ sic ]". Queensberry was arrested for criminal libela charge carrying a possible sentence of up to two years in prison. Under the Libel ActQueensberry could avoid conviction for libel only by demonstrating that his accusation was in fact true, and furthermore that there was some "public benefit" to having made the accusation openly.

The scene was witnessed by George Bernard Shaw who recalled it to Arthur Ransome a day or so before Ransome's trial for libelling Douglas in To Ransome it confirmed what he had said in his book on Wilde: that Douglas's rivalry for Wilde with Robbie Ross and his arguments with his father had resulted in Wilde's public disaster, as Wilde wrote in De Profundis.

Douglas lost his case. A team of private detectives had directed Queensberry's lawyers, led by Edward Carson QCto the world of the Victorian underground. Wilde's association with blackmailers and male prostitutes, cross-dressers and homosexual brothels was recorded, and various persons involved were interviewed, some being coerced to appear as witnesses since they too were accomplices to the crimes of which Wilde was accused.

The trial opened at the Old Bailey in central London on 3 April before Justice Richard Henn Collinsa fellow Dubliner, amid scenes of near hysteria both in the press and the public galleries. The extent of the evidence massed against Wilde forced him to declare meekly, "I am the prosecutor in this case". He characterised the first as a "prose sonnet" and admitted that the "poetical language" might seem strange to the court but claimed its intent was innocent.

He claimed to regard the letters as works of art rather than something of which to be ashamed. Carson, who was also a Dubliner who had attended Trinity College Dublinat the same time as Wilde, cross-examined Wilde on how he perceived the moral content of his works. Wilde replied with characteristic wit and flippancy, claiming that works of art are not capable of being moral or immoral but only well or poorly made, and that only "brutes and illiterates", whose views on art "are incalculably stupid", would make such judgements about art.

Carson, a leading barrister, diverged from the normal practice of asking closed questions. Carson pressed Wilde on each topic from every angle, squeezing out nuances of meaning from Wilde's answers, removing them from their aesthetic context and portraying Wilde as evasive and decadent. While Wilde won the most laughs, Carson scored the most legal points.

Carson then moved to the factual evidence and questioned Wilde about his friendships with lower-class males, some of whom were as young as sixteen when Wilde had met them. Carson repeatedly pointed out the unusual nature of these relationships and insinuated that the men were prostitutes. Wilde replied that he did not believe in social barriers, and simply enjoyed the society of young men.

Then Carson asked Wilde directly whether he had ever kissed a certain servant boy, Wilde responded, "Oh, dear no. He was a particularly plain boy — unfortunately ugly — I pitied him for it. Wilde hesitated, then for the first time became flustered: "You sting me and insult me and try to unnerve me; and at times one says things flippantly when one ought to speak more seriously".

In his opening speech for the defence, Carson announced that he had located several male prostitutes who were to testify that they had had sex with Wilde. On the advice of his lawyers, Wilde dropped the prosecution. Queensberry was found not guilty, as the court declared that his accusation that Wilde was "posing as a Somdomite [ sic ]" was justified, "true in substance and in fact".

After Wilde left the court, a warrant for his arrest was applied for on charges of sodomy and gross indecency. Both men advised Wilde to go at once to Dover and try to get a boat to France; his mother advised him to stay and fight. Wilde, lapsing into inaction, could only say, "The train has gone. It's too late. Events moved quickly and his prosecution opened on 26 Aprilbefore Mr Justice Charles.

Wilde pleaded not guilty. He had already begged Douglas to leave London for Paris, but Douglas complained bitterly, even wanting to give evidence; he was pressed to go and soon fled to the Hotel du Monde. Fearing persecution, Ross and many others also left the United Kingdom during this time. Under cross-examination, Wilde was at first hesitant, then spoke eloquently:.

Charles Gill prosecuting : What is " the love that dare not speak its name "? Wilde: "The love that dare not speak its name" in this century is such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathansuch as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare.

It is that deep spiritual affection that is as pure as it is perfect. It dictates and pervades great works of art, like those of Shakespeare and Michelangelo, and those two letters of mine, such as they are. It is in this century misunderstood, so much misunderstood that it may be described as "the love that dare not speak its name", and on that account of it I am placed where I am now.

It is beautiful, it is fine, it is the noblest form of affection. There is nothing unnatural about it. It is intellectual, and it repeatedly exists between an elder and a younger man, when the elder man has intellect, and the younger man has all the joy, hope and glamour of life before him. That it should be so, the world does not understand. The world mocks at it, and sometimes puts one in the pillory for it.

Loud applause, mingled with some hisses. This response was counter-productive in a legal sense, for it only served to reinforce the charges of homosexual behaviour. The trial ended with the jury unable to reach a verdict. Wilde's counsel, Sir Edward Clarke, was finally able to get a magistrate to allow Wilde and his friends to post bail. The final trial was presided over by Mr Justice Wills.

On 25 MayWilde and Alfred Taylor were convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to two years' hard labour. May I say nothing, my Lord? Although it is widely believed that the printul fericit de oscars wilde wikipedia biography were related to Wilde's consensual activities, The Trials of Oscar Wildewhich includes an original transcript of the libel trial which came to light insuggests that he took advantage of teenagers.

But even if his activities had led only to exposure and not to arrest, he would have been savagely pilloried in the media. Wilde was 39 when he seduced Alphonse Conway, and Conway was an inexperienced boy of 16". Another teenager who said he had engaged in sex acts with Wilde, Walter Grainger, who was 16 at the time, said Wilde had threatened him with "very serious trouble" if he told anyone about their relationship.

When first I was put into prison some people advised me to try and forget who I was. It was ruinous advice. It is only by realising what I am that I have found comfort of any kind. Now I am advised by others to try on my release to forget that I have ever been in a prison at all. I know that would be equally fatal. It would mean that I would always be haunted by an intolerable sense of disgrace, and that those things that are meant for me as much as for anybody else — the beauty of the sun and moon, the pageant of the seasons, the music of daybreak and the silence of great nights, the rain falling through the leaves, or the dew creeping over the grass and making it silver — would all be tainted for me, and lose their healing power, and their power of communicating joy.

To regret one's own experiences is to arrest one's own development. To deny one's own experiences is to put a lie into the lips of one's own life. It is no less than a denial of the soul. Having been convicted in "one of the first celebrity trials", Wilde was incarcerated from 25 May to 18 May He first entered Newgate Prison in London for processing, then was moved to Pentonville Prisonwhere the "hard labour" to which he had been sentenced consisted of many hours of walking a treadmill and picking oakum separating the fibres in scraps of old navy ropes[ ] and where prisoners were allowed to read only the Bible and The Pilgrim's Progress.

A few months later he was moved to Wandsworth Prison in London. Inmates there also followed the regimen of "hard labour, hard fare and a hard bed", which wore harshly on Wilde's delicate health. His right ear drum was ruptured in the fall, an injury that later contributed to his death. Richard B. About five months after Wilde arrived at Reading Gaol, Charles Thomas Wooldridgea trooper in the Royal Horse Guards, was brought to Reading to await his trial for murdering his wife on 29 March ; on 17 June Wooldridge was sentenced to death and returned to Reading for his execution, which took place on Tuesday, 7 July — the first hanging at Reading in 18 years.

Wilde was not, at first, even allowed paper and pen, but Haldane eventually succeeded in allowing access to books and writing materials. Between January and March Wilde wrote a 50,word letter to Douglas. He was not allowed to send it but was permitted to take it with him when released from prison. His estimation of himself was: one who "stood in symbolic relations to the art and culture of my age".

The second half of the letter traces Wilde's spiritual journey of redemption and fulfilment through his prison reading. He realised that his ordeal had filled his soul with the fruit of experience, however bitter it tasted at the time. I wanted to eat of the fruit of all the trees in the garden of the world And so, indeed, I went out, and so I lived.

My only mistake was that I confined myself so exclusively to the trees of what seemed to me the sun-lit side of the garden, and shunned the other side for its shadow and its gloom. Wilde was released from prison on 19 May [ ] and sailed that evening for DieppeFrance. On his release, he gave the manuscript to Ross, who may or may not have carried out Wilde's instructions to send a copy to Douglas who later denied having received it.

The letter was partially published in as De Profundis ; its complete and correct publication first occurred in in The Letters of Oscar Wilde. Though Wilde's health had suffered greatly from the harshness and diet of prison, he had a feeling of spiritual renewal. He immediately wrote to the Society of Jesus requesting a six-month Catholic retreat; when the request was denied, Wilde wept.

He spent his last three years impoverished and in exile. His discussion of the dismissal of Warder Martin for giving biscuits to an anaemic child prisoner repeated the themes of the corruption and degeneration of punishment that he had earlier outlined in The Soul of Man under Socialism. Wilde spent mid with Robert Ross in the seaside village of Berneval-le-Grand in northern France, where he wrote The Ballad of Reading Gaolnarrating the execution of Charles Thomas Wooldridgewho murdered his wife in a rage at her infidelity.

It moves from an objective story-telling to symbolic identification with the prisoners.

Printul fericit de oscar wilde wikipedia biography

Wilde juxtaposes the executed man and himself with the line "Yet each man kills the thing he loves". He suggested that it be published in Reynolds' Magazine"because it circulates widely among the criminal classes — to which I now belong — for once I will be read by my peers — a new experience for me". Although Douglas had been the cause of his misfortunes, he and Wilde were reunited in August at Rouen.

This meeting was disapproved of by the friends and families of both men. Constance Wilde was already refusing to meet Wilde or allow him to see their sons, though she sent him money — three pounds a week. During the latter part ofWilde and Douglas lived together near Naples for a few months until they were separated by their families under the threat of cutting off all funds.

Pray do what you can" he wrote to his publisher. He wandered the boulevards alone and spent what little money he had on alcohol. Soon Wilde was sufficiently confined to his hotel to joke, on one of his final trips outside, "My wallpaper and I are fighting a duel to the death. One of us has got to go". Please come". By 25 NovemberWilde had developed meningitisthen called "cerebral meningitis".

Robbie Ross arrived on 29 November, sent for a priest, and Wilde was conditionally baptised into the Catholic Church by Fr Cuthbert Dunne, a Passionist priest from Dublin, [ ] [ ] Fr Dunne recorded the baptism:. As the voiture rolled through the dark streets that wintry night, the sad story of Oscar Wilde was in part repeated to me Robert Ross knelt by the bedside, assisting me as best he could while I administered conditional baptism, and afterwards answering the responses while I gave Extreme Unction to the prostrate man and recited the prayers for the dying.

As the man was in a semi-comatose condition, I did not venture to administer the Holy Viaticum ; still I must add that he could be roused and was roused from this state in my presence. When roused, he gave signs of being inwardly conscious Indeed I was fully satisfied that he understood me when told that I was about to receive him into the Catholic Church and gave him the Last Sacraments And when I repeated close to his ear the Holy Names, the Acts of ContritionFaith, Hope and Charity, with acts of humble resignation to the Will of God, he tried all through to say the words after me.

Wilde died of meningitis on 30 November The modernist angel depicted as a relief on the tomb was originally complete with male genitalia, which were initially censored by French authorities with a golden leaf. The genitals have since been vandalised; their current whereabouts are unknown. InLeon Johnson, a multimedia artist, installed a silver prosthesis to replace them.

The epitaph is a verse from The Ballad of Reading Gaol. And alien tears will fill for him Pity's long-broken urn, For his mourners will be outcast men, And outcasts always mourn. InWilde was among an estimated 50, men who were pardoned for homosexual acts that printul fericit de oscar wilde wikipedia biography no longer considered offences under the Policing and Crime Act homosexuality was decriminalised in England and Wales in The Act implements what is known informally as the Alan Turing law.

Wilde's life has been the subject of numerous biographies since his death. The earliest were memoirs by those who knew him: often they are personal or impressionistic accounts which can be good character sketches but are sometimes factually unreliable. Oscar Wilde and Myselflargely ghost-written by T. Croslandvindictively reacted to Douglas's discovery that De Profundis was addressed to him and defensively tried to distance him from Wilde's scandalous reputation.

Both authors later regretted their work. Of Wilde's other close friends, Robert Sherard ; Robert Rosshis literary executor; and Charles Ricketts variously published biographies, reminiscences or correspondence. Later on, I think everyone will recognise his achievements; his plays and essays will endure. Of course, you may think with others that his personality and conversation were far more wonderful than anything he wrote, so that his written works give only a pale reflection of his power.

Perhaps that is so, and of course, it will be impossible to reproduce what is gone forever. Often speculative in nature, it was widely criticised for its pure conjecture and lack of scholarly rigour. The book incorporates rediscovered letters and other documents and is the most extensively researched biography of Wilde to appear since Parisian literati also produced several biographies and monographs on him.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Irish poet and playwright — This article is about the Irish poet and playwright. For other uses, see Oscar Wilde disambiguation. Aesthetic movement Decadent movement. Constance Lloyd. Cyril Holland Vyvyan Holland.

Willie Wilde brother Merlin Holland grandson. University education: s. Magdalen College, Oxford. Apprenticeship of an aesthete: s. Left: No. Right: close up of the commemorative blue plaque on the outer wall. In Wilde's time this was No. Prose writing: — Journalism and editorship: — Essays and dialogues. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Main article: The Picture of Dorian Gray.

Theatrical career: — Main article: Salome play. The Importance of Being Earnest. Main article: The Importance of Being Earnest. De Profundis. Further information: De Profundis letter. The Oscar Wilde Memorial walk in Reading includes gates with cultural references to Wilde the outside wall of the Gaol is to the left. Final years: — See also: The Ballad of Reading Gaol.

Main article: Oscar Wilde's tomb. Main article: Biographies of Oscar Wilde. For a more comprehensive list, see Oscar Wilde bibliography. In any case the Marquess of Queensberry came to believe his sons had been corrupted by older homosexuals or, as he phrased it in a letter in the aftermath of Drumlanrig's death: "Montgomerys, The Snob Queers like Rosebery and certainly Christian Hypocrite like Gladstone and the whole lot of you".

Merlin Holland concludes that "what Queensberry almost certainly wrote was "posing somdomite [ sic ]". When pressed about the lie by Carson, Wilde flippantly replied: "I have no wish to pose as being young. I am thirty-nine or forty. You have my certificate and that settles the matter. InWilde's son Vyvyan Holland published it again, including parts formerly omitted, but relying on a faulty typescript bequeathed to him by Ross.

Ross's typescript had contained several hundred errors, including typist's mistakes, Ross's "improvements" and other inexplicable omissions. He pressed our hands. I then went in search of a priest and with great difficulty found Fr Cuthbert Dunne, of the Passionists, who came with me at once and administered Baptism and Extreme Unction — Oscar could not take the Eucharist ".

The Wildean. JSTOR Retrieved 16 January Retrieved 27 February Feminist Theory. ISSN S2CID Retrieved 16 June Irish Genealogy. Retrieved 21 September Oscar: A Life. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN Retrieved 28 June Jane had also convinced herself that the Elgee name derived from the Italian 'Algiati' — and from this imaginary connection she was happy to make the short leap to claiming kinship with Dante Alighieri in fact the Elgees descended from a long line of Durham labourers.

Literary Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 April Retrieved 3 April Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Unmasking of Oscar Wilde. Ignatius Press. Archived from the original on 14 May Retrieved 17 October Ann's Church website". Archived from the original on 25 October Retrieved 15 May After a few weeks I baptized these two children, Lady Wilde herself being present on the occasion.

Women's Museum of Ireland. Archived from the original on 18 January The Irish Times. Oscar Wilde: Les mots et les songes: Biographie in French. Croissy-Beaubourg: Aden. Retrieved 26 June Clogher Record. Retrieved 21 December Nineteenth-Century FictionVol. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 4 June Retrieved 26 August PS Review of Freemasonry.

Archived from the original on 31 July Retrieved 3 August Provo, UT: Ancestry. Retrieved 2 March The Days I Knew. Panoply Publications. Collected Poems of Oscar Wilde. Ware: Wordsworth Poetry Library. Archived from the original on 3 August Retrieved 23 August Murray, Isobel ed. Complete Poetry. Oxford World's Classics. Oscar Wilde in America. Archived from the original on 16 October Retrieved 15 October Retrieved 12 August Making Oscar Wilde.

Oxford University Press. British Library. Archived from the original on 21 October Retrieved 19 January Woman's Journal. Archived from the original on 3 June Retrieved 14 April The San Francisco Gate.